Why Does ISIS Want to Establish a New Caliphate

The radical Islamist group ISIS, which now calls itself the Islamic State, is intent on establishing a new Sunni Muslim caliphate. A caliph is a successor to the Prophet Muhammad, and a caliphate is the region over which the caliph holds spiritual and political power. Why is this such a high priority for ISIS and its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi? The Origin of Caliphates Consider the history of the caliphates. First, there were the four rightly guided caliphs who came directly after Muhammad and knew him personally. Then, between 661 and 750 C.E., the Umayyad Caliphate ruled from Damascus, the capital of Syria. In 750, it was ousted by the Abbasid Caliphate, which moved the capital of the Muslim world to Baghdad and ruled until 1258. In 1299, however, the Arabs lost control of the caliphate (although the caliph was still supposed to be a member of Muhammads Quraysh tribe). The Ottoman Turks conquered much of the Arab world and seized control of the office of the caliph. Up until 1923, the Turks appointed caliphs, who devolved into little more than religious figureheads under the power of the sultans. To some traditionalist Sunni Arabs, this caliphate was so debased that it is not even legitimate. After World War I, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and a new secular, modernizing government took power in Turkey.   The End of the Office of the Caliph In 1924, without consulting anyone in the Arab world, Turkeys secularist leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolished the office of the caliph entirely. He had previously even scolded the last caliph for writing him a letter, saying Your office, the Khalifate, is no more than a historic relic. It has no justification for existence. For more than ninety years, there have been no credible successors to the Ottoman Caliphate, or the earlier historical caliphates. Centuries of humiliation and subjugation, first by the Turks, and then by the European powers that carved up the Middle East into its present configuration after World War I, rankle with traditionalists among the faithful. They look back to the Golden Age of Islam, during the Umayyad and Abbassid caliphates, when the Muslim world was the cultural and scientific center of the western world, and Europe a barbaric backwater. The New Caliphate In recent decades, Islamist factions such as al-Qaeda have called for the re-establishment of the caliphate in the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, but they have not had the means to achieve that goal. ISIS, however, finds itself in a different situation than al-Qaeda did  and has prioritized the creation of a new caliphate over making direct strikes on the western world.   Conveniently for ISIS, the two modern nations that contain the former capitals of the Umayyad and Abbassid caliphates are in chaos.  Iraq, once the seat of the Abbassid world, is still reeling from the Iraq War (2002 - 2011), and its Kurdish, Shiite, and Sunni populations threaten to splinter the country into separate states. Meanwhile, the Syrian Civil War rages in neighboring Syria, former home of the Umayyad state. ISIS has succeeded in seizing a fairly large, contiguous area of Syria and Iraq, where it acts as the government. It imposes taxes, imposes rules on the local people according to its fundamentalist version of the law, and even sells oil drilled from the land it controls. The self-appointed caliph, formerly known as Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, is gathering young militants to his cause with his success in seizing and holding this territory. However, the Islamic State that they are trying to create, with its stonings, beheadings, and public crucifixions of anyone who does not adhere to their exact, radical brand of Islam, does not resemble the enlightened multicultural centers that were the earlier caliphates. If anything, the Islamic State looks more like Afghanistan under Taliban rule. Sources: Diab, Khaled.  The Caliphate Fantasy, The New York Times, July 2, 2014. Fisher, Max.  9 Questions about the ISIS Caliphate You Were Too Embarrassed to Ask, Vox, August 7, 2014. Wood, Graeme.  What ISISs Leader Really Wants: The Longer He Lives, the More Powerful He Becomes, The New Republic, Sept. 1, 2014.

How write a compare contrast essay - 1363 Words

How to Write a Compare-Contrast Essay The Elements of a Compare-Contrast Essay What is comparison? Explaining the similarities or points of connection between two ideas, people, or things to give the reader a deeper understanding of each What is contrasting? Explaining the differences or points of disconnection between two ideas, people, or things to give the reader a deeper understanding of each Adapted from Webster’s Third New International Dictionary On what subjects can I write a successful compare-contrast essay? Your subjects will need to each be significant in their own right to merit discussion. They will also need to have some sort of relationship to each other so that showing them side by side allows the†¦show more content†¦(Commenting on the quote.) 4. Commentary: further commenting on the quote EXAMPLE: According to a recent article in the Seattle Times,† ...[t]he seemingly sure bet that higher education will pay off can be upended by any number of factors: broken marriages, illnesses, lost jobs, substandard schools and unrealized dreams.† (With no way out of trouble, more students likely to default, October 6, 2008). Students used to feel that borrowing for college was always going to pay off, no matter what happened. Now, many are finding it harder to pay it back due to many factors. The Embedded Citation This is useful when you would prefer to pick out very small phrases to prove your points. Write your own sentence beginning, include the quote, and write your own sentence ending. The quote flows into and out of the sentence. EXAMPLE: Borrowing to pay for higher education used to be seen as a â€Å"sure bet† but now some students are finding that their plans to repay student loans can be disrupted by â€Å"†¦ broken marriages, illnesses, lost jobs, substandard schools and unrealized dreams.† (With no way out of trouble, more students likely to default, October 6, 2008). These unexpected obstacles may repayment difficult if not impossible How to Write Commentary Of all the skills students must learn in writing, writing commentary is considered the most difficult. Writing commentary means giving your own opinion and interpretation about something,Show MoreRelatedHow to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesInstructions of How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay 1 First look at the items you are supposed to compare and contrast. Do you understand them? If you are writing an essay outside of class, look them up. Start with your text book but also look at your notes from class, and even go and check them out at Wikipedia. If you are taking a test, and cant look things up, pause and think over what these things mean. The next two steps will help you remember. 2 Make a list of ways the twoRead MoreWriting and Compare-and-contrast Essays1384 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Compare and Contrast This type of writing assignment is common. On a standardized test, you may be asked to analyze literature, evaluate ideas, or make a judgment and explain your reasons. In responding to these types of prompts, you often will compare and contrast characters, concepts, or choices. You will be asked to identify similarities and differences, which are the key to compare-and-contrast essays. There are ways to organize your thoughts about compare-and-contrast topics, which willRead MoreCompare and Contrast1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, let’s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. Compare and Contrast essays are learning-process essays. You learn about your subject as you gather and organize information. This type of essay takes a bit of organization, and its this organizational process, this gathering of facts, that helps you learn as you go. You will create lists of qualitiesRead MoreCompare and Contrast1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, let’s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. Compare and Contrast essays are learning-process essays. You learn about your subject as you gather and organize information. This type of essay takes a bit of organization, and its this organizational process, this gathering of facts, that helps you learn as you go. You will create listsRead MoreAchieve a Level Four Performance in an Oral Exam Through the Formal Speech/the Oral Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesLevel Four Performance in an Oral Exam through the Formal Speech/the Oral Essay Part One Write an Effective Oral Essay/Formal Speech on a Comparative-Study Topic â€Å"The central idea, or thesis, is your essay’s life and spirit.† Sheridan Baker, The Practical Stylist Formal speeches are carefully scripted pieces of writing. A formal speech is essentially an oral essay. The conventions of the oral essay/the formal speech include the following: †¢ Purpose To persuade, inspireRead MoreEnglish 111 Evaluation Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesof writing. This essay will evaluate the English 111 textbooks, essays, self-reflections, the instructor, and what I personally learned. The English 111 textbook had effective sample essays and diagrams of outlines. The Successful College Writing Textbook is the textbook used for the English 111 course. This textbook had great sample essays because they showed useful examples of transition words and phrases. These sample essays also gave a guideline for writing a proper essay. The diagrams in theRead MoreThe North And South Fought The Civil War811 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. You turn on the computer and type out the following: The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some different. This weak thesis restates the question without providing any additional information. You will expand on this new information in the body of the essay, but it is important that the reader know whereRead MoreReflection Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I write, I believe one of my strengths is that I am able to generate logical perspectives and strong conclusions. I am able to analyze the literature and relate to it in many different ways. In the compare and contrast essay I wrote, Oliver conveys a tone of remembrance by juxtaposing the old burn-dump this waste place and this secret garden. I am able to apply literary terms and analyze how the author uses them to enhance their writing. In the same essay, I stated, By using short, conciseRead MoreEssay on Writing Self-Evaluation947 Words   |  4 PagesI believe it is important for any student who wants to do their best in a class to take a moment to evaluate their own work to determine the rate their writing is progressing and how t hey can continue to advance their writing. When I looked through my own work I asked myself â€Å"what have I learned this semester?† and â€Å"what do I still need to learn in order to improve my writing?†. Answering both these questions will help me with my last step of my self-evaluation, developing a plan to learn new skillsRead MoreComparison and Contrast1409 Words   |  6 PagesAllah Professor: Dr.Bahman Amani Prepared by: Akbar Akbari Place: IAU Maraghe Date: May 6th 2010 ⠝â€" Definition: To compare is to show how items are alike. To contrast is to show how items are different. Thus comparison and contrast involve pointing out the similarities or differences between two (or more) items. In deciding what to compare or contrast, you will want to make sure that the items share points in common. Thus, the items compared are usually the same kind or class of thing

Thoughts on a Democratic England Free Essays

Abstract This paper discusses the development of democracy in England, specifically addressing the interaction between parliament, capitalists, and the masses during the early nineteenth century, and how these interactions lead to a more democratic England; however, the focus will be on entertaining the theory ‘What else could have heralded Democracy during this time?’ Thoughts on a Democratic England The early nineteenth century saw England at the cusp of a radical change, socially, politically, and economically. The advent of the Industrial Revolution had drastically transformed the mental and physical landscapes of the time; factories were sprouting left and right, people were flooding into the cities to work, and entrepreneurs kept the thriving businesses alive. Gradually the topic of Human rights arose, and cities clamored for representatives in Parliament, while the idea of universal suffrage arose, men voicing out desires to vote in order to improve the condition of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Thoughts on a Democratic England or any similar topic only for you Order Now As history shows, after much conflict – riots, deaths, political upheavals- the internal tension in the nation gave way to a greater amount of freedom and Democracy among the citizens. But what if these internal forces had not simmered and seethed, causing uproar and promoting change like they did? Would the outcome then have been similar? Let us examine the conditions of the time, and assess whether present forces of that day could have instigated change, as the conflict between social classes did. The first and seemingly obvious alternative would be a Revolution. During that time –the early 19th Century- the memories of both the French and the Irish (against the English) Revolutions were still fresh in men’s minds; this coupled with the inequities prevalent in the new, Industrialized society, would have galvanized rebellion and caused men to bear arms against the Capitalists who coveted the lion’s share of the profits as well as the Parliament, who denied men representation, votes, and a say in the great scheme of things. The second alternative would be Education. This was a time when newspaper and the printed page thrived. Aside from news, many works of entertainment were printed in the weekly papers, by writers such as Charles Dickens. The Literacy rate was increasing, and as people were no longer scattered but concentrated in the cities, thus quickening the dissemination of information, the Media could, theoretically, have spearheaded a movement for change. Inevitably though, these two alternate theories would have eventually coincided with the ideas which opened this paper, namely Social Conflict. For Democracy ultimately dwells in the hearts and minds of men, and, as such, all socio-political and economic movements begin and end in the realm of social strife. How to cite Thoughts on a Democratic England, Papers

Energy & Sustainability Consultant to the UN

Questions: Provide discussion related to the oil and gas companies challenges and benefits as they divert their energy sources into renewable energy, and what exactly sustainable development means to them. Answer: Introduction Oil companies strive to meet their present needs without compromising future generations abilities for meeting their needs (Barrow, 2006, p. 112) To ensure sustainable development; oil companies have a high degree of concern on the strategies applicable to reduce the adverse effects caused by their operations on the natural environment. The effects of oil and gas production on the environment increases day to day and therefore, should get responsibly managed. Environmentally conscious operations need to be applied so as to promote effectiveness in the business operations all over the globe (Margerum, 2008, p. 500). The purpose of this paper is analyzing alternative means available to ensure the sustainable development of oil and gas industries, and evaluate the measures taken by government and consumers to strengthen sustainability in the oil and gas production industry. Effects of Energy Production on the Environment Oil production has adverse effects on the environment, and this remains to be the primary cause of climate change and global warming (Smit Pilifosova, 2003, p. 9). The following are various adverse effects of energy generation to environmental sustainability.' Atmospheric effects Oil and gas production gets accompanied by the emission of harmful gasses such as carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, volatile organic carbons, and nitrogen oxides. The increased emissions of these toxic substances to the environment results in depletion of ozone layer and this is a threat to the human ecosystem (Redcliff, 2005, p. 220). Establishment of manufacturing sites requires cutting down of trees. Deforestation results in climate changes and an overall cause for global warming a hazard which are harmful to human and animal life. Socio-economic and cultural effects Exploration operations in the oil and gasses production induce detrimental effects on the economic, social, and cultural changes in the environment. Waste disposals are harmful to people and animals health while the establishment of manufacturing sites leads to dislocation of individuals from their habitat (Barbier, 1987, p. 108). Transportation systems while moving oil products from one place to another causes noise and accidents thus creating adverse effects on the natural resources. Oil production results to climate changes, and this adversely affects the normal living conditions of people. Aquatic impacts Exploration and production operations produce to aqueous waste streams. Poor effluent disposal mechanisms of sewerage water, drilling fluids, domestic wastes, and oil spills in aquatic environments is fatal (Brungs, 1973, p. 2180). Disposal of toxic constituents of the production process in water adversely affects the life of marine organisms. Ocean, lakes and seas discharges of water based mud and cuttings negatively affect benthic organisms from their discharge. Ecosystem effects Oil and gas production impacts negatively on the environment. Plants and animals may be directly affected by environmental variations caused by the consequences of oil and gas production. For example, improper disposal of oil effluents in water leads to the death of fish and other animals living in water (Camargo Alonso, 2006, p. 833). Explosives in the air and soil lead to the ultimate death of animals who survive in that environment. Direct effect on the ecology has secondary implications for the predators, if this gets not controlled, then a potential long-term effect on fauna and flora may be induced. Terrestrial Impacts Physical disturbance from construction and environmental contaminations from spillage and leakage of oil and gas while being manufactured or transported has a great capacity to damage the habitat (Barrow, 1991, p. 2). Poor design of building sites leads to soil erosion due to poor soil structure and topography. Once trees are cut down, land erosion takes place resulting in increased siltation and habitat damage (Camargo Alonso, 2006, p. 840). Habitat loss reduces the environmental capacity to support any vegetation and wildlife an effect which results in secondary ecological problems. Benefits of Environmentally Sustainable Development Environmental sustainable development conserves and enables the communitys natural resources to maintain total life quality. Sustainable development requires effective integration of environmental, social, governmental, and economic considerations in decision-making processes(Pearce Atkinson, 1993, p. 106). Good environmental management meets the demands of the current ecology without interfering with the ability of future generations. Environmental management for sustainable development has numerous advantages to the ecology some of which include: Better and efficient utilization of resources by establishing policies and procedures that reduce unnecessary expenditures. Running an excellent environmental management system that encourages better regulatory compliance about the environmental operations. The easier raising of investment funds from the banks and other financial institutions to control the environmental effects. Environmentally sustainable development assists a company to adequately market their oil and gas products in the market and thereby establishing a firm stance in the market. Strategies for Ensuring Sustainable Development Energy crisis threatens the ability to achieve sustainable development for energy producing companies. Addressing challenges that face global sustainable development in oil industries, a worldwide development agenda should be formed to facilitate transformation in the way oil and gas products get produced (Pearce Atkinson, 1993, p. 108). Another important issue to get addressed is designing sound strategies that govern how management of natural resources in the business environment should get conducted. Inclusive strategies and technology innovation Transformational actions need to get taken by developing inclusive and sustainable development policies that caring for all stakeholders' interests in the company. Collaborative strategies should be action oriented and addressed in a method that encourages significance changes in oil production processes (Hekkert, et al., 2007, p. 432). The business environment suffers from negative externalities which result from the actual production of energy products; examples include environmental pollution and population inequities (Barrow, 2006, p. 113). Technology helps in enhancing this sustainable development by factoring in all the crucial changes in the consumption patterns, and creating necessary technological phases that reorganize the entire economy. The primary goals for sustainable development are poverty alleviation, promotion of sustainable consumption patterns, efficient production, and protection and management of natural resources. Environmental management for sustainable development should be designed to bring a substantial reorganization in the natural environment as well as coming up with strategies that favor society's lifestyles (Redcliff, 2005, p. 225). The global sustainable development changes involve significant price adjustments, firm dedication to natural environment preservation, the introduction of environmental accounting, and strengthening of public spheres of the real economy. Carrying out sustainable production and consumption Management authorities should intensify and make it mandatory for producers to apply for cleaner production patent rights that increase efficiency in the production of natural resources as well as decreasing emission of effluents and pollutants to the environment (Barrow, 2006, p. 118). Establishing laws which discourage disposal of harmful effluents to the environment protects the quality ecological environment and people's health for a long-term sustainable development. Production companies should develop an environmentally friendly consumption strategy or culture. Gradual changes should be made to implement green labels that promote adjacent markets and sensitive community initiatives for sustainable production and consumption (Smit Pilifosova, 2003, p. 9). Enhancing adequate management for a sustainable environmental development requires the application of policies aimed at limiting unethical consumption, production, and disposal behavior should be made mandatory. Development of clean and renewable energies that maintain sustainable economic growth Management should develop green growth models that encourage the establishment of low carbon economy in the business environment. Developing clean and renewable sources of energy helps in establishing a cheap and adequate consumption strategy of power (Camargo Alonso, 2006, p. 844). The oil and gas industries should gradually implement market-based energy charges that factor in an improved ratio of clean and renewable energy. It is favorable to come up with a system of environmental accounting that add value in ensuring development and sustainability in the natural environment. The companies should establish an environmentally friendly technology that makes it possible to pursue sustainable development in the industrial sector with the assistance of a well laid professional based structure (Adams, 2003, p. 312). The company should come up with proactive actions that can reduce industrial pollution and develop the green industry to provide priorities in their development agenda of the business environment (Pearce Atkinson, 1993, p. 103). Transformations channeled in the environmental industry results to the general improvement of the company's investment sector. Consumer Actions for Sustainable Development Consumer markets businesses remain the primary challenge to energy industries sustainability in the environment. Users of oil and gas companies adopt business policies that assist them in sustaining both natural and human resources in a rapid phase. Consumers of energy products face the challenge of establishing sustainable corporate practices to useful in delivering services that may curb this problem (Young, et al., 2010, p. 20). Consumer markets of the firms try to come up with initiatives, measures, and adequate reporting procedures that strengthen sustainability in the development of oil and gas enterprises as discussed below. Climbing the corporate agenda Consumers of oil products have made a step forward to enhance the company's growth by taking up business plans to raise their opinions on the measures applicable in reducing environmental pollution. Despite harsh economic environment depressions that force the oil industry to focus on the immediate goals, consumers create plans that make this strategy operate on a long term basis (Young, et al., 2010, p. 31). Customers raise concerns on how the companies manage risks associated with sustainability issues, something which impacts significantly on the overall conservation of the environment. Brand enhancements Clients of oil and gas companies adopt sustainability steps that further brand improvement in a manner that influences the sustainability agenda of the millennium development goals. Consumers remain to be the leading influencers of market trends for the companies, and this is important (Young, et al., 2010, p. 30). Customer tastes, preferences, and demands dictate which oil products the company should deliver in the market, meeting customer needs makes a company gain a competitive advantage over the other businesses. Therefore, consumers employ a sustainable objective for energy industries to thrive in the market. Actions Taken by the Government to Strengthen Sustainable Development Concerns for reducing oil production effects on the environment and human health remains a point of debate all over the world. Sustainable business climate development involves the application of thriving principles on the enterprises day to day operations. The government is one major stakeholder in the industry having unremarkable interests on the performance of the business (Redcliff, 2005, p. 224). For effective reduction of the hazardous effects of oil and gas production, the government takes necessary actions that may help strengthen the businesss sustainability in a going concern as discussed below. Good government develops and maintains strategies, policies, and programs that help companies to achieve their set goals. Through governmental assistance, oil companies get enabled to make informed decisions that factor in the interests of all their stakeholders (Smit Pilifosova, 2003, p. 9). The government maintains a democratic system that promotes business sustainability in the environment. Good government supports sustainable economic strategies that enhance the establishment of a healthy business climate. The government plays major roles in establishing sustainable development of firms in the ecological environment some of which include: The government attempts to fund the basic science infrastructure required by the companies for renewable energy and renewable resource technology. The government establishes tax systems and other financial tools. Taxes get charged to ensure that businesses carry out only activities which they are entitled to operate. The government encourages companies to invest in renewable energy and other sustainability concepts for the oil industries. The government establishes regulations governing the use of land by business institutions in attempts of the minimizing destruction of ecosystems (Watson, et al., 2010, p. 33). The government sets and enforces environmental laws to protect the environment and maximize resource efficiency. Conclusion States require advanced sustainability policies for business development. Oil companies have poor strategies for implementing their investments in renewable energy resources sector. Poor strategies remain to be a significant threat that creates difficulties in promoting sustainable developments in the business environment. This results in the release of waste effluents to the environment and thus posing a major challenge for climate change and at extreme circumstances leading to global warming (Redcliff, 2005, p. 227). Climate changes pose major sustainable development challenges for it affects the agricultural sectors, aquatic resources, food security, natural disasters, and other concerns of sustainable development. Government actions, effective regulations and enforcement, and inclusive planning remain critical to sustainable development. Promoting sustainable development needs the legislative authorities to formulate laws that put the public sector services at heart. Consumer actions may act as a reliable source for enhancing a sustainable development of oil companies in the business environment (Smit Pilifosova, 2003, p. 9). Therefore, actions should be taken to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as coming up with strategies that the oil industry can apply to adapt to climate changes in case they happen in future. References Adams, W. M., 2003. Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the Third World. S.l.: Routledge. Barbier, E. B., 1987. The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development. Environmental conservation, II(14), pp. 101-110. Barrow, C., 1991. Land Degradation: Development and Breakdown of Terrestrial Environments. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. Barrow, C., 2006. Environmental Management for Sustainable Development. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. Brungs, W. A., 1973. Effects of Residual Chlorine on Aquatic Life. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, pp. 2180-2193. Camargo, J. A. Alonso, A., 2006. Ecological and Toxicological Effects of Inorganic Nitrogen Pollution in Acquatic Ecosystems: A Global Assessment. Environment International, 6(32), pp. 831-849. Hekkert, M. P. et al., 2007. Functions of Innovation Systems: A New Approach for Analysing Technological Change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, IV(74), pp. 413-432. Lahdelma, R., Salminen, P. Hokkanen, J., 2000. Using Multi-Criteria Methods in Environmental Planning and Management. Environmental Management, VI(26), pp. 595-605. Margerum, R. D., 2008. A Typology of Collaboration Efforts in Environmental Management. Environmental Management, IV(41), pp. 487-500. Pearce, D. W. Atkinson, G. D., 1993. Capital Theory and the Measurement of Sustainable Development: An Indicator of "Weak" Sustainability. Ecological Economics, II(8), pp. 103-108. Redcliff, M., 2005. Sustainable Development(1987-20050: An Oxymoron Comes of Age. Sustainable Development, IV(13), pp. 212-227. Smit, B. Pilifosova, O., 2003. Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development and Equity. Sustainable Development, IX(8), p. 9. Watson, R. T., Boudreau, M.-C. Chen, A. J., 2010. Information Systems and Environmentally Sustainable Development: Energy Informatics and New Directions for the IS Community. MIS Quarterly, pp. 23-38. Young, W., Hwang, K., McDonald, S. Oates, J., 2010. Sustainable Consumption: Green Consumer Behavior When Purchasing Products. Sustainable Development, I(18), pp. 20-31.